Abigail Adams And The American War - 880 Words

During the war American, such as Abigail Adams, were doing their best at home to survive. Women like Abigail needed to perform tasks that were normally done by their husband, such as farming. Abigail was left to protect her land and stand up for themselves from passing armies on both sides. The war was not only being fought on the battlefield, but also at the men’s homes. Most of the time of the time during the Revolutionary War, Abigail Adams and her children spent it at home, while John Adams was traveling to meeting for the Congress, most of their communication was through letters. While John was away the continental army camped out at the Adams’s home and Abigail and her children helped take care of the men. They performed act such as giving water to the passing armies, making bullets, and caring for the sick soldiers. Because of the small pox epidemic, Abigail and her children were giving a vaccine, to give some immunity from the disease, Abigail’s oldest da ughter was hit the worst by the disease, and it seemed she wouldn’t make it, but she soon recovered. Abigail and her children had an up-close view of the war, considering their home was only a few miles from the backbone of the British army, which at the time was Boston, they had to live in constant fear of being robbed of their home and possessions and at worst their lives. The Adams family had to endure seeing their neighbors and friends ride past their house, sometimes wounded and something the men were dead, asShow MoreRelatedAnnotated Bibliography : The Biography.com Website 1155 Words   |  5 PagesAnnotated Bibliography Biography.com Editors. Abigail Adams Biography. The Biography.com Website. AE Networks Television, n.d. Web. 16 Nov. 2015. This source has credible authors. The fact that it has more than one authors makes it much more credible, considering that there is more credible information. This article has 5 main head titles. They go in this order; synopsis, early life, marriage to John Adams, political involvement and later life. They all give very important information and theRead More Abigail Adams and How She Shaped the Role of Women in American History1677 Words   |  7 Pagesand the mother to the sixth American president, who was this woman? She was Abigail Adams. Abigail Adams life didn’t acquire meaning solely from knowing and being around these two great men however, Adams was eminently worth knowing as an individual herself. Throughout the ages, women have always been involved in war but Abigail Adams brought a new concept to women and war with her involvement in the early colonial years and the American Revolution. Abigail Adams did many things in her lifetimeRead MoreAbigail Adams And The Revolutionary Time Period1585 Words   |  7 Pages we should have learned women.† – Abigail Adams (Brainy Quote). In the 1700’s, most women were uneducated and thought little about education and knowledge of the intricate workings of government and society. However, one woman saw the value of education and free thinking way before most of her contemporaries. In Abigail Adams, a biography by Charles W. Akers, a unique perspective of the revolutionary time period is displayed through the eyes of Abigail Adams by contrasting the way women were treatedRead MoreAbigail Adams’ Inspiring Rebellion for Women’s Rights Essay1425 Words   |  6 PagesBorn on November 11, 1744, Abigail Smith entered the world in the Massachusetts colony during troublesome time of England rule that was destined to end one day.1 Her family was well respected in the town of Weymouth, where she was born. Her father, William Smith, was a Congregational minister and her mother , Elizabeth Quincy, hailed from a prominent family in the colony.2 Abigail spent her time at her grandmother’s house where she was schooled in English, French, and history, meanwhile, gaining aRead Moreâ€Å"Abigail Adams† by Janet Whitney1093 Words   |  5 Pagesof this world. One of these women is Abigail Adams, the only woman so far to be both wife and mother of a president. Sadly, however, â€Å"Abigail Adams† by Janet Whitney is far from being a biography of her life. Janet Whitney arranges her material in chronological presentation. She starts from how Abigail Adams and John Adams fell in love and got married. She continues on with the biography describing how John Adams came to presidency as Abigail Adams gave birth to his kids one by one. Read MoreSummary Of Abigail And John Adams Debate Womens Rights992 Words   |  4 PagesPrimary Source Analysis #2 â€Å"Abigail and John Adams Debate Women’s Rights,† is of two letters first from Abigail and the second was John Adams with his response to Abigail. The 1774 letters showed how Abigail was advocating for women’s rights as John Adams defines the authority males really have in society. Abigail Adams was the wife of John Adams and was vital for his successes. Before she became his wife she was part of a â€Å"picture perfect nuclear family† (Biography), with her father being a minister;Read MoreAbigail Adams : A Woman Before Her Time1175 Words   |  5 PagesAbigail Adams: A Woman Before Her Time Although she had no direct influence on the new American government nor held any official political power, Abigail Adams was easily one of the most political and influential women of her time. From her knowledge of the war during the American Revolution, to her advice to husband John Adams as he helped craft the U.S Constitution, Abigail Adams was helping to shape the foundation and direction of her country over 100 years before women even had the right toRead MoreWomen Of The Republic : The Revolutionary Era1429 Words   |  6 PagesRevolutionary Era Dr. Paul Grady Eric G. Shuping Book Review #1 March 17, 2015 Women of the Republic The American Revolution was a stepping-stone towards helping to change women’s role in society. Women of the Republic explains to readers the radicalism that Republican Mothers had a hand in during the creation of America at the time of the Revolution. Kerber shows that the American Revolution was able to help ignite the alterations that women were fighting for to prove that they belonged equallyRead MoreAbigail Adams : American History1560 Words   |  7 PagesAbigail Adams Throughout the early times of this country, the idea of women having rights was far from necessary, but there were a few women out there, such as Abigail Adams who held high hopes that one day this nation that the founding fathers were building up, would allow for women to be treated equally as men. Although Abigail Adams was filled with these hopes, she always found ways to be involved in political issues, not only because she was John Adams wife, but she also aspired that one dayRead MoreWhy Did The Federalists Believe That The Sedition Act Was Necessary?1196 Words   |  5 Pageswas necessary?   What exactly was the threat, according to Abigail Adams? What threat is implied by the wording of the act? †¢ Around the time of 1798, many writers and politicians who weren’t supportive of a break with France were writing and publishing papers that directly criticized President John Adams’s foreign policy regarding France. Specifically, â€Å"Bache† and his â€Å"paper† are mentioned several times in Abigail Adams’s letters. Abigail explains that Bache’s paper is â€Å"wicked† and in the paper,

The Great Gatsby By F. Scott Fitzgerald - 1714 Words

F. Scott Fitzgerald’s The Great Gatsby is full of extravagant mansions, wild parties, fancy cars, and outrageous spending. It could be easy to mistake this extreme flaunting of wealth as an attempt to support the capitalist system, but when reading the book, there are many contradicting tones. The narrator, Nick Carraway, constantly criticizes the upper class and sneers at their indulgent, careless ways of living. At the same time, all of the characters, including Nick himself, are seduced by the American Dream and its deceiving glamor. Though the book may seem as if it endorses the class structure, ultimately Fitzgerald uses connotation, the personalities of his characters, and examples of failure of the American Dream in order to show the deficiency of the capitalist system and the class structure. The Great Gatsby is bursting with hidden meanings. Fitzgerald writes something that seems to have a literal meaning but in reality, his words are purposely designed to make additi onal ideas that oppose the denotation pop into the reader’s head. Take for example the quote, â€Å"I went with them out to the veranda. On the green sound, stagnant in the heat, one small sail crawled slowly toward the fresher sea. Gatsby’s eyes followed it momentarily; he raised his hand and pointed across the bay ‘I’m right across from you’† (Fitzgerald 124). Though it may appear as if Gatsby is plainly stating that his residence is across the bay from Tom’s, in reality Gatsby is trying to convey that heShow MoreRelatedThe Great Gatsby by F. Scott Fitzgerald1393 Words   |  6 PagesF. Scott Fitzgerald was the model of the American image in the nineteen twenties. He had wealth, fame, a beautiful wife, and an adorable daughter; all seemed perfect. Beneath the gilded faà §ade, however, was an author who struggled with domestic and physical difficulties that plagued his personal life and career throughout its short span. This author helped to launch the theme that is so prevalent in his work; the human instinct to yearn for more, into the forefront of American literature, where itRead MoreThe Great Gatsby By F. Scott Fitzgerald1343 Words   |  6 PagesHonors English 10 Shugart 18 Decemeber 2014 The Great Gatsby F. Scott Fitzgerald s 1925 novel The Great Gatsby is a tragic love story, a mystery, and a social commentary on American life. The Great Gatsby is about the lives of four wealthy characters observed by the narrator, Nick Carroway. Throughout the novel a mysterious man named Jay Gatsby throws immaculate parties every Saturday night in hope to impress his lost lover, Daisy Buchanan. Gatsby lives in a mansion on West Egg across from DaisyRead MoreThe Great Gatsby By F. Scott Fitzgerald1155 Words   |  5 PagesThe Great Gatsby The Jazz Age was an era where everything and anything seemed possible. It started with the beginning of a new age with America coming out of World War I as the most powerful nation in the world (Novel reflections on, 2007). As a result, the nation soon faced a culture-shock of material prosperity during the 1920’s. Also known as the â€Å"roaring twenties†, it was a time where life consisted of prodigality and extravagant parties. Writing based on his personal experiences, author F. ScottRead MoreThe Great Gatsby By F. Scott Fitzgerald1166 Words   |  5 Pagesin the Haze F. Scott Fitzgerald lived in a time that was characterized by an unbelievable lack of substance. After the tragedy and horrors of WWI, people were focused on anything that they could that would distract from the emptiness that had swallowed them. Tangible greed tied with extreme materialism left many, by the end of this time period, disenchanted. The usage of the literary theories of both Biographical and Historical lenses provide a unique interpretation of the Great Gatsby centered aroundRead MoreThe Great Gatsby by F. Scott Fitzgerald845 Words   |  3 PagesIn F. Scott Fitzgerald’s novel, The Great Gatsby, colors represent a variety of symbols that relate back to the American Dream. The dream of being pure, innocent and perfect is frequently associated with the reality of corruption, violence, and affairs. Gatsby’s desire for achieving the American Dream is sought for through corruption (Schneider). The American Dream in the 1920s was perceived as a desire of w ealth and social standings. Social class is represented through the East Egg, the WestRead MoreThe Great Gatsby By F. Scott Fitzgerald Essay970 Words   |  4 Pagesrespecting and valuing Fitzgerald work in the twenty-first century? Fitzgerald had a hard time to profiting from his writing, but he was not successful after his first novel. There are three major point of this essay are: the background history of Fitzgerald life, the comparisons between Fitzgerald and the Gatsby from his number one book in America The Great Gatsby, and the Fitzgerald got influences of behind the writing and being a writer. From childhood to adulthood, Fitzgerald faced many good andRead MoreThe Great Gatsby By F. Scott Fitzgerald2099 Words   |  9 Pagesauthor to mirror his life in his book. In his previous novels F. Scott Fitzgerald drew from his life experiences. He said that his next novel, The Great Gatsby, would be different. He said, â€Å"In my new novel I’m thrown directly on purely creative work† (F. Scott Fitzgerald). He did not realize or did not want it to appear that he was taking his own story and intertwining it within his new novel. In The Great Gatsby, by F. Scott Fitzgerald, he imitates his lifestyle through the Buchanan family to demonstrateRead MoreThe Great Gatsby By F. Scott Fitzgerald1607 Words   |  7 Pages The Great Gatsby is an American novel written in 1925 by F. Scott Fitzgerald. One of the themes of the book is the American Dream. The American Dream is an idea in which Americans believe through hard work they can achieve success and prosperity in the free world. In F. Scott Fitzgerald s novel, The Great Gatsby, the American Dream leads to popularity, extreme jealousy and false happiness. Jay Gatsby’s recent fortune and wealthiness helped him earn a high social position and become one of the mostRead MoreThe Great Gatsby By F. Scott Fitzgerald1592 Words   |  7 PagesMcGowan English 11A, Period 4 9 January 2014 The Great Gatsby Individuals who approach life with an optimistic mindset generally have their goals established as their main priority. Driven by ambition, they are determined to fulfill their desires; without reluctance. These strong-minded individuals refuse to be influenced by negative reinforcements, and rely on hope in order to achieve their dreams. As a man of persistence, the wealthy Jay Gatsby continuously strives to reclaim the love of hisRead MoreThe Great Gatsby By F. Scott Fitzgerald1646 Words   |  7 PagesThe 1920s witnessed the death of the American Dream, a message immortalized in F. Scott Fitzgerald’s The Great Gatsby. Initially, the American Dream represented the outcome of American ideals, that everyone has the freedom and opportunity to achieve their dreams provided they perform honest hard work. During the 1920s, the United States experienced massive economic prosperity making the American Dream seem alive and strong. However, in Fitzgerald’s eyes, the new Am erican culture build around that

Environmental Justice Free Essays

Two Boats Heading Down One Stream: Environmental Justice and Consumer Resistance In the 1980s, an issue emerged which exposed the correlation between racism, poverty, and environmental threats in the United States. This issue known as environmental injustice suggests that ethnic minorities and the poor communities are targets for toxic industries. The consistent lack of governmental representation and lack of political clout caused these targeted communities to take leadership in the environmental justice movement through grassroots organizations. We will write a custom essay sample on Environmental Justice or any similar topic only for you Order Now During the rise of environmental justice movements, there was a market revolution. Technological advancements, such as portable phones, faster cable, laptops, etc. , were becoming more accessible to the public. These new resources of communication encouraged market forces to advertise and promote their products and/or services more expansively. This growing capacity for advertisement in the United States led to habits of overconsumption in American society. Soon the â€Å"nation of opportunity† became infamously known as â€Å"the nation of gluttony. This perception created animosity in the United States, and anti-consumption sentiments spread. Market rebellion soon followed. Mainstream forms of consumer resistance are continuing to develop, however the foundation of consumer resistance lies in the minority communities of the United States. The simultaneous emergence of both the environmental justice movement and consumer resistance is no coincidence. Both movements have similar traits; they share the same actors, purpose, and resistance tactics.In my analysis I will demonstrate the leading forces in both movements, which consist of ethnic minorities and low-income level communities. I will then address the shared purposes of both movements. I will examine the similar incentives in participating in these movements, as well as the psychological/social concepts of voluntarism and civic participation. The final correlative factor that I identify between the environmental justice movement and consumer resistance is the tactics of resistance, such as, grassroots protests, boycotting, and product purchasing commitments.This analysis will determine that consumer resistance is a function of the environmental justice movement. Actors Women and ethnic minorities, such as, African Americans, Mexican Americans, and Native Americans, are the dominant leaders and actors in the environmental justice movement and in consumer resistance. Mexican Americans and Native Americans have deep knowledge of ecology and respect for natural resources that originate in the moral foundations of their cultures and identities. African Americans and Women share the resentment of industries to target them and construct them in terms of their roles in society.These sentiments are addressed in their acts of consumer resistance and environmental justice movements. The importance in sustaining the environment and natural resources is apparent in Native American’s traditional ecological knowledge. The significance of nature in Native American culture is shown in their spiritual beliefs and pagan religion. Many tribes idolized animals by emulating them through warrior garments, physical markings, tribal chants, and dances. They also relied on plant life in their medicinal practices. N.Scott Momaday of the Kiowa Tribe summates the ethics of Native American tribes by stating, â€Å"We humans must come again to a moral comprehension of the earth and air. We must live according to the principle of a land ethic. The alternative is that we shall not live at all† (Churchill 1983, 47). Native Americans are ideal leaders in environmental justice movements and consumer resistance due to their strong views of sustainable resource management and their personal conflicts over land ownership and property rights. Native American communities are arguably the most susceptible to having their land taken by corporations or industries. In terms of agricultural practices, the Native Americans, especially those tribes residing in California, have sustainably managed the agricultural cultivation without relying on machines or pesticides (Churchill 1983). Mexican Americans have a deep respect for the environment and have a deep awareness of how to use natural resources sustainably. This knowledge is important to the survival of the culture and community, and reflects their Chicano identities. Sister Teresa Jaramillo, another San Luis native, describes a local sense of place that weaves her body and spirituality into the land, La Sierra. I know the names of the creeks and lakes and ponds with beautiful fish. I know the names of the hills where trees can be found†¦They are my spiritual brothers and sisters, my teachers. I know the place where the animal trails take you and the beaver ponds, and the places where my uncle took sheep to graze. I know La Sierra because she is my home† (Pena 2005, xxv-xxvi). The Mexican American people have an intimate relationship with the wilderness, which makes them appropriate actors in issues of resource exploitation. â€Å"In the land grant communities at the time of Pinchot and Muir, wilderness was inhabited; it was home.It was not a mere commodity. Nature was inseparable from civilization. Their material culture is based on this sustainable relationship to wild spaces. The wilderness is woven into people’s identities† (Pena 2005, 31). When the common lands of and water rights of his ancestral land were taken and destroyed, Adelmo Kaber felt susto, a fright so intense it may result in the loss of soul. Mexican Americans are severely affected by environmental threats in terms of their well-being because of the significance of natural resources in framing their cultural identities and morals (Pena 2005).African Americans have been prominent leaders in combating industries through environmental justice movements and consumer resistance. Industrial forces have performed acts of environmental racism that directly affect the health and labor rights of those targeted black communities. These acts have been successful in the formation of groups meant to hinder the progress of services and industries that have destroyed the health, the environment, and the civil rights of black communities. Women have also been prominent leaders in combating industries through environmental justice movements and consumer resistance.A unive rsity study shows that women think of â€Å"big business as a deterrent to positive change in the area of the environment† and it also showed that women defined themselves in opposition to the dominant consumer culture† because of â€Å"their idea that consumption did not provide solutions to environmental problems† (Fournier 1998, 2). During the 1980’s, women broke out of their former social constructs of the 1950s by entering the workforce and abandoning their roles as being solely the housewives. This created women’s growing resentment for household and childcare products being targeted at just a female audience.The rising influence of women in leading environmental justice movements and consumer resistance is due to the growing influence of Ecofeminism. This new sector of environmental justice â€Å"is based on the idea that domination and exploitation of women and of the environment are interconnected. † (132) Ecofeminists identify the problem as being â€Å"the capitalist system of economic exploitation and its control of science and technology† (Pena 2005, 133). The growing credibility of this approach provides another portal for women to combat industries through environmental justice movements and consumer resistance. PurposeThe environmental justice movements and consumer resi stance share the same purpose in terms of hindering industries that are detrimental to the environments they target. Both movements have a cause-and-effect relationship. Collectively changing consumption patterns reduces exploitation of resources and environmental degradation. Reversely, advocating for more environmentally benign production practices in toxic facilities creates eco-friendly products and services. This relationship is reflected in the shared incentives and the psychological implications of the environmental justice movements and consumer resistance.Many notable environmental organizations, such as Greenpeace, Co-Op America, and Earth First, address both issues of environmental justice and overconsumption in order to improve their credibility in the realm of environmentalism. In current environmental issues, Greenpeace â€Å"opposes the release of GMOs into the environment† and â€Å"advocates immediate interim measures such as the labeling of GE foods and the segregation of genetically engineered crops and seeds to prevent them contaminating conventional and organic produce † (Greenpeace).This demonstrates how Greenpeace merges consumer resistance and environmental justice by altering the content of GE food labels, which would reduce consumption of GE food, as well as improve human health and the environment. It is apparent that the intentions of consumer resistance includes the intentions of environmental justice movements because anti-consumption depends on a sense of identity grounded in social positions, such as, pro environmentalism, empowerment, and a vision of society that involved eco-friendly market behavior and structure. Anti-brand movements merge concerns of consumer resistance and environmental justice. Issues prominent in the anti-brand movement range from workplace equality and corporate domination to environmentalism and marketing propaganda† (Hollenbeck 2006, 1). These sentiments are reflected in the Fair Trade Coffee campaign of the Global Exchange Organization. The Fair Trade Coffee campaign â€Å"assures consumers that the coffee we drink was purchased under fair conditions. To become Fair Trade certified, an importer must meet stringent international criteria; paying a minimum price per pound of $1. 26, providing much needed credit to farmers, and providing te chnical assistance such as help transitioning to organic farming. Fair Trade for coffee farmers means community development, health, education, and environmental stewardship† (Fair Trade Coffee 2009). It is apparent that achieving environmental justice and consumer resistance simultaneously is easily attainable. Many social and psychological concepts draw connections among the purposes of both movements. The notion of voluntary simplicity, which is â€Å"the idea that personal satisfaction, fulfillment, and happiness result from a commitment to nonmaterial aspects of life,† can be applied to the purpose of consumer resistance and environmental justice movements (Zavestoski 2009, 154). This belief is put into practice by minimizing consumption of material goods, exercising self-reliance, and improving one’s intellect† (Zavestoski 2009, 155). Both movements exercise this theory in their counteractions against corrupt industrial forces by educating their communities about environmental injustices and the negative effects of o verconsumption, as well as belittling the credibility of those industries by protesting, boycotting, or make purchase commitments. Another common purpose of environmental justice movements and consumer resistance is to terminate the exploitation of natural resources. Our society’s unhealthy dependence on resources is shown through one of Marxist’s meanings of alienation: Due to the fact that who we are is defined by what we produce; when we are separated from what we produced, we are alienated from ourselves. In a system in which forms of production cut the laborer off from what she or he produces, as in capitalism, the laborer can no longer create his identity through production (Zavestoski 2009, 157). This implies that corrupt industrial forces are detrimental to self identity and independence.Mexican Americans and Native Americans share this sentiment of blaming industry and resource exploitation for threatening the integrity of their identities and moral beliefs of environmentalism. Marx also identifies two contradictions of capitalism. The first contradiction is the tendency for the profit rates to decline while capital expands globally. This leads to overproduction because â€Å"each individual capitalist seeks to lower costs in order to maintain profitability by out-producing his or her competitors† (Pena 2005, 134). The unintended effect is the reduction of total market demand for commodities.Both movements adopt this theory because it implies that industrial overproduction and labor/consumer demand are to blame for the exploitation of resources (Pena 2005). The second contradiction is characterized as a problem of underproduction. â€Å"Individual capitalists lower costs by externalizing costs to labor or nature,† but â€Å"the unintended effect of this is to raise costs on other capitals†¦and lower profits† (Pena 2005, 134). This contradiction is the main concept in Ecosocialism, which declares that â€Å"the economic system destroys the natural conditions of production and provokes an ecological crisis† (Pena 2005, 134).This theory draws the connection between consumer resistance and environmental justice movements because it blames corrupt industrial forces for creating environmental threats and exploited resources. Tactics Environmental justice movements and acts of consumer resistance share the same tactic of boycotting as well as forming or joining grassroots organizations. Native Americans have used boycotting to combat industries that claimed the land in which they resided in. The Navajo community boycotted the uranium mining in Churchrock, New Mexico.The miners significantly reduced the limited water supply, and also contaminated what was left of the Navajo water supply with uranium. Kerr-McGee and United Nuclear Corporation, the two mining companies held responsible, argued that the Federal Water Pollution Control Act did not apply to them. The boycotts did achieve legal attention, but the courts did not force the companies to comply with US clean water regulations until 1980 (Shaiman 1998). The Native Americans referred to boycotting to avert consumption of certain products.The Native American boycotts regarding Crazy Horse Malt Liquor began when the Hornell Brewing Co. introduced Crazy Horse Malt Liquor in a distasteful and insulting manner. The introduction â€Å"demeans the name of revered Oglala Lakota Leader Tashunke Witco [Crazy Horse]† (Friedman 1999, 139). This statement reflects the feelings of the American Indian Movement (AIM) as well as two other organizations (the Wisconsin Greens and Honor, Inc. ) that performed boycotts the two associated brewers. The boycott gained Native American constituencies in Congress. However, the beverage is still sold in some 40 states (Friedman 1999).Historically, Mexican American led environmental justice movements using strikes as their main tactic. The Cananea Strike of 1906 was documented as the first successful strike in terms of ending environmentally hazardous working conditions. The Cananea Mine in Sonora, Arizona was notorious causing fatalities among workers, who died in the explosions or from asphyxiation due to the buildup of toxic gases. On November 19th, 1906, Mexican workers went on strike against the owner, Anaconda Copper Company, a multinational corporation based in the United States.This strike was one of the first involving demands to improve workplace environmental conditions. Following that strike, Mexican Americans were excluded from the American Federation of Labor (AFL), and thus were forced to form their own unions. The environmental injustices of this occupational segregation led to numerous conflicts and strikes over the course of the 20th century (Pena 2005, 101). Mexican American tactics for environmental justice movements involve forming grassroots projects and organizations to boycott and campaign for better living conditions. The Southwest Organizing Project (SWOP) was a collective response by Mexican Americans in Albuquerque to an urban environment containing patterns of discrimination and police brutality. The toxic brownfields, polluting industries, and deteriorating housing degrade urban neighborhoods (Pena 2005, 168). Mexican-origin urban residents participate in movements for amenities, such as, better housing, community-based health care, and local food security by boycotting corrupt businesses that surround the community. Mexican Americans have utilized boycotting in their consumer resistance efforts.The organization responsible for the boycott was Justicia, one of several Mexican American groups active in media reform efforts in the late 1960s and early 1970s This group successfully dropped the advertisement of â€Å"Frito Bandito† by the Frito-Lay Company from its Fritos Corn Chips commercials. Another success was the purging from prime time of â€Å"Jose Jimenez,† the Hispanic cha racter created by comedian Bill Dana (Friedman 1999, 157). African Americans utilize boycotting in their actions of consumer resistance. The Street Car boycotts of the early 1990s occurred in response to Jim Crow streetcar laws.Every one of the boycotts failed to reverse the legal tide of segregation in the South. As the only protest mechanism realistically available to African Americans, however, the boycott tactic continued to be embraced even though failure was inevitable. In the 1950s, the bus boycotts of Montgomery and Tallahassee regarding segregated seating proved to be effective. The bus boycotts put the buses out of business in the black community. When the Supreme Court ruled against bus segregation in Montgomery, blacks in Tallahassee resumed riding buses, with desegregated seating (Friedman 1999).Many black communities also used boycotting as a mechanism to combat the environmental injustices of landfills in the last 50 years. In 1967, black students of Houston boycotted the city garbage dump in their community that had claimed the lives of two children. In 1968, residents of West Harlem, in New York City, fought unsuccessfully against the sewage treatment plant in their community. In 1982, the black community of Warren County boycotted the newly constructed hazardous waste landfill in the small town of Afton. State officials disregarded concerns over toxic chemicals leaching into drinking water supplies.This forced the community to confront the dumping trucks. Lying down on roads leading into the landfill, the community stopped the dumping. After six weeks of marches and nonviolent street protests, more than 500 people were arrested. The boycotting was ineffective and the toxic waste was eventually deposited in that landfill. However the boycotts of Warren County did receive national attention and gave the environmental justice movement mainstream acclamation (Bullard 1990). Consumer resistance and environmental justice movements have contributed to female empowerment in American politics.Women are the leading actors in the current anti-consumption and environmental movements. New studies of Ecofeminism and the evolution of women’s rights contribute to the progress in women’s role in society. This changes the social construct of women and displays the shift in female roles of American society. Ethnic minorities are also empowered as a result of these popular movements. Grassroots organizations led by minorities are gaining notoriety and credibility in the domestic policies of U. S. politics. These movements have also contributed to the modernization of resistance tactics.The Internet has made these movements more global in scale. Resources for grassroots organizations are more accessible, and there are more opportunities to gain political clout among impoverished communities. For the benefit of future generations, these positive shifts in the roles of previously undermined social groups will hopefully raise the relevance of consumer resistance and environmental justice movements in the legislative and judicial branches of government in order to create effective and permanent change. How to cite Environmental Justice, Papers

International convention to decrease the conflict †Free Samples

Question: Discuss about the International convention to decrease the conflict. Answer: Introduction: Environmental policy is one of the contentious and rancorous factors that have been under continuous debate since decade. There has been various researches regarding the association between the environmental law and economic development, however most of them has failed to judge the level of association properly. According to the various researchers, there is high level of association between these two variables, where as some researches contradicts the very idea. Researchers like Chong, Qin and Xinyue, argues that either through direct or in the indirect way environmental laws aids the economy to avail sustainability and eco friendly growth[1]. When it comes to the economic development process of various countries, then according to the developed nations, economic growth comes at an expense of environment. Across the world, there is an identification that the environmental condition is decreasing and hence, it needs special attention and also some legal protections. Thus, most of the countries, both developed as well as developing one, are coming together to formulate some protocols since 1960s to protect the environment, worldwide. This report is meant to analyse the international law and the environment through analyzing the practical and legal issues of the Principle of Common but Differentiated Responsibility. The chief focus of this paper is to look at instruments derived from the principle that have generated based on those chief negotiated instruments. Hence, this paper intends to discuss about the implementation of those principles in the selected instruments and some other legal and practical issues that prevent the growth of those agreements. BackgroundofInternationalEnvironmentalLaw: International Environmental Law (IEL) states about the controlling of pollution and wastage of natural resources under the concept of sustainable development[2]. IEM is a part of public international law, an institution of law, which different states have created to supervise various inter-state related problems. IEL is a broad concept that deals with biodiversity, ozone depletion, population, pollutions related to air, land, water, and nuclear damage and so on that relate with nature or climate. International environmental law has been evaluated since 1970 and can be divided chiefly into three phases, viz., traditional era, modern era and post-modern era. Environmentalism and economic growth 1970 1989: According to the Cleveland, with rise in production and consumption, higher level of inputs will be required and it will lead to exploitation of natural resources. During this period it has been observed that gross product is increased by 0.2% on average with the increase in environmental regulation[3]. On the other hand, researchers argue that, though there were rise in gross production after implying the environmental laws during initial period, however it is affecting the world economy nowadays. Researches during this period argues that it has been found that excessive amount of industrialisation during the 1970 caused increased amount of waste that lead to diminishing quality of environment. Besides this, it has diminished the sustainability of biosphere, thus stringent environmental laws came in. Environmentalism and economic growth 1992 2008: During this period environmental degradation was at its peak due to lack of confined and worldwide framework for environmental laws. Greenhouse gas emission was affecting the whole worlds economy and reducing the same by 3% annually[4]. Besides this, due to rise in greenhouse gas emission water level has also been raising leading to loss of resource like land and capital. Thus UNFCC took ratifying act through Kyoto protocol and enacted the participating countries to reduce the greenhouse gas emission to a certain level for better sustainability and higher growth. Environmentalism and economic growth 2008 Present day: In recent days environmental factors are taken as one of the key element for the production. Firms are aimed to reduce their level of carbon emission through utilising the newer and greener technologies. In the case of developed nations, environmental laws are presently acting as the tool to restrict the growth of the developing nations, due to the fact the developing nations lack in technology and resource. Thus, according to the Robert V Percival and others, recent stringent environmental laws are aimed to reduce the carbon emission level and restrict the environmental degradation to a great extend at a cost of slower growth of the developing nations[5]. Principle of common but differentiated responsibility: Definition: Principle of common but differentiated responsibility has occurred in Rio de Janeiro, 1992. This is the first global legal instrument for addressing climate change and the most comprehensive global attempt for addressing negative effects on the global environment. According to this principle, all the nations need to possess shared obligation for addressing environmental destruction; however, it denies identical responsibility of all nations in relation to environmental protection[6]. The principle of CBDR has remained the key factor for many negotiated instruments. The principle has tried to emphasize the collective responsibility of all countries worldwide, for protecting of the environment by controlling the emissions of green house gasses[7]. It also considers the different capacity of developed and developing countries for dealing with various issues, which are related to protect the environment based on technological and financial capabilities. Origins: CBDR is considered worldwide, that greenhouse gasses are the main factors for changing climate, which is facing by all countries, at present. This is becoming a serious issue as many countries are facing serious problems like droughts, floods, land degradation, heat waves and tropical cyclone that can increase the mortality rate as decrease the food security among many courtiers[8]. Hence, the international community meets on a regular basis to agree on fundamental instruments for ensuring that all countries are participating to solve this problem. During the first Rio Earth Summit in 1992, CBDR was granted by the international governments, which entails that in case of global environmental degradation, different states has common but differentiated responsibilities. Though each country is responsible for the environmental degradation, however different states have different abilities to contribute in the project, which aims to gauge the deteriorating environmental condition. However , this summit has received immense criticism from worldwide nations. This is because the world could not have two separate categories of nations having various responsibilities. The nations need to follow segregation of a continuum, in which they are needed to act vigorously based on their own circumstances. Thus, common responsibility needs to be emphasised all the nations rather than a group of nations taking more dominant responsibility. Objectives: The principle of CBDR has two fundamental objectives. The first objective states about the common responsibility of a nation for the protecting entire environment or a segment of it, at the international, state or regional levels[9]. The second objective talks about various circumstances, regarding contribution of each country for evaluating some environmental issues and its ability to protect for reducing and controlling the threat in near future. Application of the principle in International Environmental Instruments and obligations for nations: The Rio Declaration on Environment and Development: The Rio Declaration, a short document, was produced at the Conference on Environment and Development (UNCED) or the Earth Summit in 1992[10]. This declaration had 27 principles for controlling countries regarding sustainable development in future and over 170 countries signed that. To deal with sustainable development, those 27 principles were constructed based on different aspects of environmental issues[11]. The first principle had considered human beings as the chief concern for sustainable development to give them a productive and healthy life, while the second law was based on some principles of international law and the Charter of the United Nations. According to that law, a nation could fully utilize its resources by implementing their excusive environmental and developmental policies, where they could not hamper other countrys environment. This principle has two-facet elements. Initially it states about the common responsibility, that is, all countries need to co-operate to prevent the environmental degradation and reduction of green house gas emissions and on the other side it argues for shared responsibility to reduce the carbon emission. With the Rio decleration came the principal of CBDR, which argues that though all the countries are responsible for the emission, however different countries need to take different amount of responsibility to gauge the situation depending upon t heir capability. This ViennaConventionfortheProtectionoftheOzoneLayer: This multilateral environment based agreement, which was agreed on 1985 at the Vienna Conference, was actively implemented in 1988. This treat that had earned huge success, was signed by 197 countries, mainly members of all United Nations and the European Union[12]. The chief purpose of this treaty was to prevent the ozone layer with international efforts by implementing research, systematic observations and information exchange regarding the human activities that could affect this layer. Moreover, according to this treaty, member countries could adopt different administrative measures legislative to protect those activities, which had negative implications of this ozone layer[13]. This protocol tried to germinate the CBDR through shared responsibility framework for mitigating the the issue of depleting ozine layer, however failed to do so. Instead of taking any concrete actions for controlling the ozone layer, countries had agreed the Montreal Protocol to advance the goal of protecting the ozone layer. Additionaly, the treaty had some loopholes, for instance, lack of legal bindings to control the usage of CFCs and some important chemicals that could deplete ozone, for instance, chlorine nitrate (CIONO2) and hydrogen chloride (HCI)[14]. MontrealProtocolonSubstancesthatDepletetheOzoneLayer(1987): This international treaty was based on ozone layer to prevent the production of some components that hamper the ozone layer. This treaty was agreed in 1987 and was come into action in 1989[15]. After practically implementing this treaty, the world was facing a positive outcome, for instance, the ozone hole, which had been observed in Antarctica, is recovering slowly. As the agreement was successfully adopted by all countries through shared responsibility it had become a well-known example of international co-operation. This treaty was formed around various groups of halogenated hydrocarbons that exhaust ozone layers. Hence, this Montreal Protocol controlled those ozone-depleting materials that chiefly contained bromine and chlorine. However, there were some other harmful materials, for instance, nitrous oxide (N2O), which were not controlled by this protocol[16]. According to this treaty, each group of ozone-depleting materials needed to maintain a timetable above which production of those materials should be eliminated. KyotoProtocol,1997: The Kyoto Protocol was also an international agreement, which was related to the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate change. In 1997, this protocol was adopted in Japan and has come into action in 2005. At present, 192 parties are following this protocol. This agreement engages its member countries to set an international target for controlling emissions. As developed countries are the chief producers of green house gases due to their developed industrial sectors, which are operating for 150 years, this protocol has become very expensive for those countries, based on the principle Common But Differentiated Responsibilities. This protocol has followed some steps to monitor on emission targets, for instance, by maintaining registry systems, reporting, compliance, adaption and adaption funds, parties have maintained their emissions records. The Kyoto protocol has huge importance as it helps to stabilize the amount of greenhouse gases at international level by reducing its emissions. In addition to this, the treaty has provided a structure for the next international agreement, based on climate change. ParisAgreement(2015): The Paris Agreement was adopted by various countries to control climate change at the 21st Conference of the Parties (COP21) of the United Nations Climate Change Conference (UNCCC) in 2015[17]. Under this agreement, each plans, determines and regulates reports of their own contribution to mitigate global warming, which supports the CBDR principal. Hence, without any specific mechanism, the country needs to maintain some specific target within some specific date depending upon their capability. As the shared responsibility of carbon emission France, at the same year, has decided to ban all vehicles that use petrol and diesel under its five years plan and the country has announced about the reduction of coal for electricity production after 2022[18]. Under the purview of CBDR, Article 2, of Paris agreement mentioned three aims of described by the UNFCCC that each member countries need to follow. Firstly, all parties of this agreement are trying to control the increasing temperature above preindustrial level of the world below 2o C and to maintain this further at 1.5o C for controlling the increasing temperature[19]. Secondly, countries need to adopt the ability to sustain within the negative impacts regarding climate change by controlling climate flexibility and by maintaining low level of greenhouse gas emissions in such a way that it cannot hamper the food production. Thirdly, the agreement tries to make consistent flows of finance for developing various methods to control the emission of greenhouse gases and to develop climate flexibility. This highlights that, after almost three decade of CBDR, it really has came into existence, where different countries have to take different responsibility depending upon their ability. StockholmDeclaration(1972): In 1968, the United Nations Economic and Social Council (ECOSOC) has received an idea from Sweden to arrange a world conference based on the inter relation between human and environment. In 1972, this conference was held in Stockholm of Sweden where 113 countries along with 400 non-government organizations and 1500 journalists had participated[20]. This conference was one of the major one of the UN that focused on environmental issues. This meeting, which took the first initiative toward sustainability revolution, had set up 26 principles and an action plan that had 109 recommendations[21]. The principle theme of that conference was to consider the relation between environmental and human being with huge importance and to achieve some international and common principles for the purpose of environmental protection[22]. This declaration also gave huge importance on enrichment and preservation of human environment. In this context, it is beneficial to describe some important principles under that declaration. Firstly, it was said that human rights needed to be maintained worldwide by criticizing apartheid and colonialism. Secondly, the declaration gave importance on the safeguard of natural resources. Thirdly, all countries tried to maintain a higher capacity regarding the production of renewable resources. Fourthly, the principle stated about the safeguard of wildlife. Fifthly, non-renewable resources were shared within countries in such a manner that those were not exhausted by its excessive use[23]. Sixthly, it was stated that the pollution level was remained under a certain level that environment could clear it by its own. There were some other principles, which were stated about the control of ocean pollution, improving of environmental policy and some other statements, related to concerns about of the environment and the process to develop it. This conference, for the first time, had focu sed on the importance of the poverty eradication for protecting the environment. UnitedNationsFrameworkConventiononClimateChange(UNFCCC)1992: The UNFCCC was another international treaty, which was adopted in 1992 though it came into action in 1994 after ratifying by sufficient number of countries. The chief objective of the UNFCCC was to stabilize the concentrations of greenhouse gas in the atmosphere at a particular level so that the environment could prevent anthropogenic interference that could be dangerous, based on climate system[24]. However, this treaty did not set any binding levels for each country on emissions of greenhouse gas and did not contain any enforcement mechanisms. Instead of that, the treaty had built an outline for some specific international agreements could be ranked to take further actions to fulfill the objectives of the UNFCCC. ImplementationofCBDRprinciple:LessonsandChallenges: Conflictsanddisagreements: Based on environment, developing countries have affected more because of climate change, compare to developed countries, while those developed countries are chiefly responsible for generating huge amount of greenhouse gases. Hence, according to the CBDR principle, those developed countries, which are generating green house gasses by a large amount, have also the capacity to decrease those from the environment by a significant amount and for this; those countries need to take a huge burden for controlling the variation of climate[25]. Under the application of Kyoto Protocol of CBDR, this statement is considered with huge importance. However, it is essential to state that after technological transformation, various countries are contributing significant amount of greenhouse gasses. Thus, the statement cannot be agreed at present, as many developing countries are also generating those gasses and for this, those developing countries need to bear the same responsibility. In addition to this, CBDR has expected assistance of developed countries for poverty eradication, because their performance related work has greatly influences this eradication process. However, there were some weak points to measure the Target 8A and also the international communitys underperformance under MDG 8 for which, CBDR is unequally applied in the field of poverty eradication[26]. Moreover, CBDR cannot be implemented successfully for eradicating poverty some another reasons, that is, developed countries have not provided its complete report on poverty as they do not want to disclose the nature of poverty, which they have within their economy. The standard of living of poor people in developed countries is better compare to that of developing countries. However, in developed countries, those poor people are facing same kind of exclusion and working barriers. Measuring emissions and grouping of nations: Economic development is a continuous process, which can be gained through the constant industrialisation and with the utilisation of the resources properly. However, in recent days, it has been seen that the third world or the developing countries has fall sort of their estimated economic development leading to various factors. Historically it has been observed that developed nations have caused more than 79% of carbon emission[27]. Out of this 40% has emission has been originated from the European Union and next to this US alone is responsible for 22% of the carbon emission[28]. Through the period of industrialisation, developed nations have exploited the environment without any restrictions and now the phase has been changing. Developing nations are substantially producing carbon emission, which is rising day by day to their development programs. China is accounted for 9% of emission, where as Latin America and Middle East is producing 6% of total carbon emission. Depending upon th e total carbon emission, various organisations have grouped the countries[29]. For instance, according to 2016 data, China, US and India are the first three countries that produce highest amount of carbon emission, which makes them tier 1 countries when it comes to carbon emission[30]. According to the same source, Russia, Germany and EU 28 comes under the tier 2, -which produces 6.9 tons of carbon-di-oxide per person. Challengesfordevelopedcountries: At present, developing countries are generating huge amount of green house gasses but at the same time, the huge portion of cumulative emissions of those gases are still coming from the developed countries. According to some statistical data, developed countries have generated almost 70% gasses in this world from 1751 to 2010. When it comes to environmental obligation of the developed nations, then it has been found that, since Rio declaration, the very idea of Principle of common but differentiated responsibility has emerged. Developed countries use the tool of environmental policies as the Pandoras Box to exploit the growth and capability of the developing nations. According to the statistics, seven of the developed nations namely, US, Russia, Germany, Japan, Canada, China and South Korea are accountable for the 60.4% of the total carbon emission[31]. Historically, level of exploitation of the resource and capital by the developed nations is high that has provided them the scope to become where they are now. According to the United Nations Millennium Ecosystem Assessment, developed nation use the 85% of the world resource and cause 33.376 million of greenhouse gas globally[32]. Moreover, industrialisation has aided the developed nation to have enough money for RD to develop eco friendly technologies that can emit less environment polluting agent. Considering this, it can be stated that, developed nations are historically responsible for the environmental dilemma in present days. Challengesfordevelopingcountries: Various factors have caused the slow growth of the economic development in the developing nations. For instance, there is acute shortage in technological development in the developing nations and the resource constraint has also hampered its growth[33]. However, recent researches highlights that environmental factors are also responsible for the slow economic growth of the third world countries. International environmental treaties along with other environmental commitments in force today are insufficient in nature to manage the economic environmental obligation and growth of the developing nations. After urbanization and industrialization, all developed countries are presently situated at the post-industrial stage and also share some basic characteristics. They are already developed and for this, the amount of green house gas emissions is decreasing slowly in those countries. On other side, developing countries are constructing more buildings and are enhancing its industrial area[34]. Hence, the amount of green house gas emission is increasing in those parts of the world. However, there is a huge debate between developed and developing countries, where developed countries think that the developing one are getting more opportunities to create pollutions while at the same time, developing countries are facing difficulties regarding poverty eradication as it is going to be more important issue for protecting environment. In this context, another debate has also been occurred regarding the accurate definition of developed and developing countries, as some economies like China and I ndia are increasing significantly and also generating huge pollutions. Coming to the developing nations, it can be seen that, these countries lack money and technologies too, in order to keep themselves aligned with the environmental laws. Researches has also argued that developed nations are trying to put away their share of responsibility for environmental balance and aiming to avail benefit from it at the expense of reduced growth of the developing nations[35]. It has also been argued by the several researchers that, developed countries are not serious about reducing the environmental loss due to the industrialisation rather wants to utilise it as the tool of entry barriers for the developing nations. Most of the government revenue of the developing nations goes towards the infrastructural development that makes it hard for them to develop eco friendly technologies[36]. Utilising this scarcity, it is argued that developed nation try to capture the market of the developing nations with their latest eco friendly technology and slows down their impetus to grow. Conclusion: With the rise in number of researches regarding the environmental issues, it has become evident that there is acute relationship between the economic development and environmental regulation. However, it has not yet been clear to which extent the association is and the magnitude of the economic impact by the environmental laws. This report has tried to analyse the various issues related with the environmental laws and economic development and found that there most of the developed nations has been gained through the implication of the environmental plans. The report has found that, considerable amount of influence of the developed countries on the international bodies for environmental laws provide undue advantage to exploit the economic growth and sustainability of the developing nations. Analysing the interventionist policy by the international institutes to check the environmental degradation, the report has found that with ever rising pressure from the world bodies and internatio nal treaties it has become evident for the developing nations to invest more in the eco friendly technologies at the cost of the economic growth. It has not only hampered the expected short-run growth rate of these countries, moreover has constrained the future growth too. The report has found various interventionist policies have aided the first world countries to attain biased advantage through reduced amount of environmental responsibilities. Bibliography: Ari I, Sari R. Developing CBDR-RC Indices for Fair Allocation of Emission Reduction Responsibilities and Capabilities across Countries. Cogent Environmental Science. 2017 Dec 23:1420365. Avgerou CG Walsham,Information Technology In Context Bahareh A, Seyed AP, Roshandel R, Zare A. International convention to decrease conflict between energy supply and environmental protection. Ukrainian Journal of Ecology. 2018 Mar 1;8(1):608-18. Bergstrom JA Randall,Resource Economics Bleam W,Soil And Environmental Chemistry(Academic Press 2012) Bodansky D. The Paris climate change agreement: a new hope?. American Journal of International Law. 2016 Apr;110(2):288-319. Bowman M. 5 International North Pacific Fisheries Convention (9 May 1952, 205 UNTS 79). 6 Sands Peel (n 1 above) 26. 7 LB Sohn The Stockholm Declaration on the Human Environment(1973) 14 Harvard International Law Review 423; P Birnie et al International law and the environment (3rd edn 2009) 48. The implementation of international law in Germany and South Africa. 2015:240. Cceres L. Climate Change Relevant Aspects at World and National Levels. Revista AFESE. 2017 Jan 16;46(46). Charter M,Greener Marketing Charter MU Tischner,Sustainable Solutions Chen ZK Haynes, 'Transportation Capital In The US: A Multimodal General Equilibrium Analysis' [2013] SSRN Electronic Journal Chipperfield MP, Dhomse SS, Feng W, McKenzie RL, Velders GJ, Pyle JA. Quantifying the ozone and ultraviolet benefits already achieved by the Montreal Protocol. Nature communications. 2015 May 26;6:7233. Chong Z, C QinX Ye, 'Environmental Regulation, Economic Network And Sustainable Growth Of Urban Agglomerations In China' (2016) 8 Sustainability 'CO2 Emissions | Global Carbon Atlas' (Globalcarbonatlas.org, 2018) https://www.globalcarbonatlas.org/en/CO2-emissions accessed 26 March 2018 Dimitrov RS. The Paris agreement on climate change: Behind closed doors. Global Environmental Politics. 2016 Aug;16(3):1-1. Dubash NK. Safeguarding development and limiting vulnerability: India's stakes in the Paris Agreement. Wiley Interdisciplinary Reviews: Climate Change. 2017 Mar 1;8(2). Gonzalez CG. Bridging the North-South Divide: International Environmental Law in the Anthropocene. Pace Envtl. L. Rev.. 2015;32:407. Gray W,Economic Costs And Consequences Of Environmental Regulation(Taylor and Francis 2018) Hashim KS, Mohamed AH, Redza HZ. Developing a waste minimization awareness model through community based movement: A case study of the IIUM Green Team. Geografia-Malaysian Journal of Society and Space. 2017 Sep 18;8(5). Haward M. Plastic pollution of the worlds seas and oceans as a contemporary challenge in ocean governance. Nature communications. 2018 Feb 14;9(1):667. Hegglin MI, Fahey DW, McFarland M, Montzka SA, Nash ER. Scientific Assessment of Ozone Depletion: 2014-Twenty Questions and Answers About the Ozone Layer: 2014 Update. Hort S,Social Policy, Welfare State, And Civil Society In Sweden. Vol. 1 2(Arkiv Fo?rlag 2014) Houser D, Libecap GD. Public Choice Issues in International Collective Action: Global Warming Regulation. InExplorations in Public Sector Economics 2017 (pp. 13-34). Springer, Cham. 'How Rich Countries "Outsource" Their CO2 Emissions To Poorer Ones' (Vox, 2018) https://www.vox.com/energy-and-environment/2017/4/18/15331040/emissions-outsourcing-carbon-leakage accessed 26 March 2018 Leary DK. International Environmental Law, Sustainable Generation of Energy from the Ocean and Small Island Developing States in the Pacific. Sustainable Ocean Resource Governance: Deep Sea Mining, Marine Energy and Submarine Cables. 2018 Feb 5:84. Li Y and others,Economic Analysis And Forecast Of China (2015) Long DM Collins, 'Quantifying Global Climate Feedbacks, Responses And Forcing Under Abrupt And Gradual CO2 Forcing' (2013) 41 Climate Dynamics Luderer G and others, 'Implications Of Weak Near-Term Climate Policies On Long-Term Mitigation Pathways' [2015] SSRN Electronic Journal Ludwig T. The Key to Engaging with the SDGs: Utilizing Rio Principle 10 to Succeessfully Implement the UN Sustainable Development Goals. Sustainable Development Law Policy. 2017;16(2):7. Marks SP. Integrating a Human Rights-Based Approach to Development and the Right to Development into Global Governance for Health. Human Rights in Global Health: Rights-Based Governance for a Globalizing World. 2018:331. Meier H,Product-Service Integration For Sustainable Solutions(Springer 2013) Nilsson M, Griggs D, Visbeck M, Ringler C, McCollum D. A framework for understanding Sustainable Development Goal Interactions. A Guide to SDG Interactions: From Science to Implementation. 2017. ONeill B and others, 'The Roads Ahead: Narratives For Shared Socioeconomic Pathways Describing World Futures In The 21St Century' (2017) 42 Global Environmental Change Percival R and others,Environmental Regulation Power T,Economic Development And Environmental Protection(Taylor and Francis 2015) Rees J,Natural Resources Ritzer G,Globalization Rogelj J, Den Elzen M, Hhne N, Fransen T, Fekete H, Winkler H, Schaeffer R, Sha F, Riahi K, Meinshausen M. Paris Agreement climate proposals need a boost to keep warming well below 2 C. Nature. 2016 Jun;534(7609):631. Spinozzi P, Mazzanti M. I. 2 The incongruities of sustainability: an examination of the UN Earth Summit Declarations 19722012. InCultures of Sustainability and Wellbeing 2017 Nov 14 (pp. 66-82). Routledge. Tan CJ Fau?ndez,Natural Resources And Sustainable Development(Edward Elgar Pub 2017) Telfer DR Sharpley,Tourism And Development In The Developing World(Routledge 2016) Tietenberg T,Environmental And Natural Resource Economics(Routledge 2018) Vaughan A, 'Carbon Emissions Per Person, By Country' (the Guardian, 2018) https://www.theguardian.com/environment/datablog/2009/sep/02/carbon-emissions-per-person-capita accessed 26 March 2018 Vetter SH, Sapkota TB, Hillier J, Stirling CM, Macdiarmid JI, Aleksandrowicz L, Green R, Joy EJ, Dangour AD, Smith P. Greenhouse gas emissions from agricultural food production to supply Indian diets: implications for climate change mitigation. Agriculture, ecosystems environment. 2017 Jan 16;237:234-41. Wallace D,Sustainable Industrialization Widjaja K, 'sustainable design in project delivery: a discussion on current and future trends' (2016) 11 Journal of Green Building Wood BT, Stringer LC, Dougill AJ, Quinn CH. Socially Just Triple-Wins? A Framework for Evaluating the Social Justice Implications of Climate Compatible Development. Sustainability. 2018 Jan 16;10(1):211. Young OR, Onoda M. Satellite Earth Observations in Environmental Problem-Solving. InSatellite Earth Observations and Their Impact on Society and Policy 2017 (pp. 3-27). Springer, Singapore [1] Zhaohui Chong, Chenglin Qin and Xinyue Ye, 'Environmental Regulation, Economic Network And Sustainable Growth Of Urban Agglomerations In China' (2016) 8 Sustainability. [2] Gonzalez CG. Bridging the North-South Divide: International Environmental Law in the Anthropocene. Pace Envtl. L. Rev.. 2015;32:407. [3] Wayne B Gray,Economic Costs And Consequences Of Environmental Regulation(Taylor and Francis 2018). [4] David J. Long and Matthew Collins, 'Quantifying Global Climate Feedbacks, Responses And Forcing Under Abrupt And Gradual CO2 Forcing' (2013) 41 Climate Dynamics. [5] Robert V Percival and others,Environmental Regulation. [6] Power T,Economic Development And Environmental Protection(Taylor and Francis 2015) [7] Ari I, Sari R. Developing CBDR-RC Indices for Fair Allocation of Emission Reduction Responsibilities and Capabilities across Countries. Cogent Environmental Science. 2017 Dec 23:1420365. [8] Vetter SH, Sapkota TB, Hillier J, Stirling CM, Macdiarmid JI, Aleksandrowicz L, Green R, Joy EJ, Dangour AD, Smith P. Greenhouse gas emissions from agricultural food production to supply Indian diets: implications for climate change mitigation. Agriculture, ecosystems environment. 2017 Jan 16;237:234-41. [9] Dubash NK. Safeguarding development and limiting vulnerability: India's stakes in the Paris Agreement. Wiley Interdisciplinary Reviews: Climate Change. 2017 Mar 1;8(2). [10] Ludwig T. The Key to Engaging with the SDGs: Utilizing Rio Principle 10 to Succeessfully Implement the UN Sustainable Development Goals. Sustainable Development Law Policy. 2017;16(2):7. [11] Nilsson M, Griggs D, Visbeck M, Ringler C, McCollum D. A framework for understanding Sustainable Development Goal Interactions. A Guide to SDG Interactions: From Science to Implementation. 2017. [12] Bahareh A, Seyed AP, Roshandel R, Zare A. International convention to decrease conflict between energy supply and environmental protection. Ukrainian Journal of Ecology. 2018 Mar 1;8(1):608-18. [13] Houser D, Libecap GD. Public Choice Issues in International Collective Action: Global Warming Regulation. InExplorations in Public Sector Economics 2017 (pp. 13-34). Springer, Cham. [14] Young OR, Onoda M. Satellite Earth Observations in Environmental Problem-Solving. InSatellite Earth Observations and Their Impact on Society and Policy 2017 (pp. 3-27). Springer, Singapore. [15] Chipperfield MP, Dhomse SS, Feng W, McKenzie RL, Velders GJ, Pyle JA. Quantifying the ozone and ultraviolet benefits already achieved by the Montreal Protocol. Nature communications. 2015 May 26;6:7233. [16] Hegglin MI, Fahey DW, McFarland M, Montzka SA, Nash ER. Scientific Assessment of Ozone Depletion: 2014-Twenty Questions and Answers About the Ozone Layer: 2014 Update. [17] Bodansky D. The Paris climate change agreement: a new hope?. American Journal of International Law. 2016 Apr;110(2):288-319. [18] Rogelj J, Den Elzen M, Hhne N, Fransen T, Fekete H, Winkler H, Schaeffer R, Sha F, Riahi K, Meinshausen M. Paris Agreement climate proposals need a boost to keep warming well below 2 C. Nature. 2016 Jun;534(7609):631. [19] Dimitrov RS. The Paris agreement on climate change: Behind closed doors. Global Environmental Politics. 2016 Aug;16(3):1-1. [20] Bowman M. 5 International North Pacific Fisheries Convention (9 May 1952, 205 UNTS 79). 6 Sands Peel (n 1 above) 26. 7 LB Sohn The Stockholm Declaration on the Human Environment(1973) 14 Harvard International Law Review 423; P Birnie et al International law and the environment (3rd edn 2009) 48. The implementation of international law in Germany and South Africa. 2015:240. [21] Hashim KS, Mohamed AH, Redza HZ. Developing a waste minimization awareness model through community based movement: A case study of the IIUM Green Team. Geografia-Malaysian Journal of Society and Space. 2017 Sep 18;8(5). [22] Leary DK. International Environmental Law, Sustainable Generation of Energy from the Ocean and Small Island Developing States in the Pacific. Sustainable Ocean Resource Governance: Deep Sea Mining, Marine Energy and Submarine Cables. 2018 Feb 5:84. [23] Spinozzi P, Mazzanti M. I. 2 The incongruities of sustainability: an examination of the UN Earth Summit Declarations 19722012. InCultures of Sustainability and Wellbeing 2017 Nov 14 (pp. 66-82). Routledge. [24] Cceres L. Climate Change Relevant Aspects at World and National Levels. Revista AFESE. 2017 Jan 16;46(46). [25] Wood BT, Stringer LC, Dougill AJ, Quinn CH. Socially Just Triple-Wins? A Framework for Evaluating the Social Justice Implications of Climate Compatible Development. Sustainability. 2018 Jan 16;10(1):211. [26] Marks SP. Integrating a Human Rights-Based Approach to Development and the Right to Development into Global Governance for Health. Human Rights in Global Health: Rights-Based Governance for a Globalizing World. 2018:331. [27] Adam Vaughan, 'Carbon Emissions Per Person, By Country' (the Guardian, 2018) https://www.theguardian.com/environment/datablog/2009/sep/02/carbon-emissions-per-person-capita accessed 26 March 2018. [28] 'CO2 Emissions | Global Carbon Atlas' (Globalcarbonatlas.org, 2018) https://www.globalcarbonatlas.org/en/CO2-emissions accessed 26 March 2018. [29] 'How Rich Countries "Outsource" Their CO2 Emissions To Poorer Ones' (Vox, 2018) https://www.vox.com/energy-and-environment/2017/4/18/15331040/emissions-outsourcing-carbon-leakage accessed 26 March 2018. [30] Gunnar Luderer and others, 'Implications Of Weak Near-Term Climate Policies On Long-Term Mitigation Pathways' [2015] SSRN Electronic Journal. [31] David J Telfer and Richard Sharpley,Tourism And Development In The Developing World(Routledge 2016). [32] Judith A Rees,Natural Resources. [33] Sven E. O Hort,Social Policy, Welfare State, And Civil Society In Sweden. Vol. 1 2(Arkiv Fo?rlag 2014). [34] Karno Widjaja, 'sustainable design in project delivery: a discussion on current and future trends' (2016) 11 Journal of Green Building. [35] Martin Charter and Ursula Tischner,Sustainable Solutions. [36] Horst Meier,Product-Service Integration For Sustainable Solutions(Springer 2013).

Ice Breaker Essay Example

Ice Breaker Essay Suggested Ice Breaker/Energiser Activities 1. Fear in a Hat Fear in a Hat (Also known as Worries in a Hat) is a teambuilding exercise that promotes unity and group cohesion. Individuals write their personal fears (anonymously) on sheets of paper which is then collected in a hat and read aloud. Each person tries to describe his or her understanding of the person’s fear. This leads to good discussion centred around the fears. This teambuilding exercise requires writing utensils, sheets of paper, and a hat. Allow about five minutes of writing time, plus one to two minutes per participant. The recommended group size is at least eight, but no larger than 20. It’s possible to run this activity with a large group, if the group is divided into smaller groups and if there are enough facilitators. Setting Up Distribute a sheet of paper and a writing utensil to each person. Instruct them to anonymously write a fear or worry that they have. Tell them to be as specific and as honest as possible, but not in such a way that they could be easily identified. After everyone has finished writing a fear/worry (including the group leaders), collect each sheet into a large hat. We will write a custom essay sample on Ice Breaker specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on Ice Breaker specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on Ice Breaker specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer Running the Activity Shuffle the sheets and pass out one per person. Take turns reading one fear aloud, and each reader should attempt to explain what the person who wrote the fear means. Do not allow any sort of comments on what the reader said. Simply listen and go on to the next reader. After all fears have been read and elaborated, discuss as a whole group what some of the common fears were. This teambuilding exercise can easily lead to a discussion of a team contract, or goals that the group wishes to achieve. This activity also helps build trust and unity, as people come to realise that everyone has similar fears. 2. Call my Bluff Call my bluff is a classic get-to-know-you icebreaker. Players tell two truths and one lie. The object of the game is to determine which statement is the false one. Interesting variations of this game are provided below. This game is a  get-to-know-you icebreaker. Recommended group size is: small, medium, or large. Works best with 6-10 people. Any indoor setting will work. No special materials are needed, although pencil and paper is optional. For all ages. Running the Activity Ask all players to arrange themselves in a circle. Instruct each player to think of three statements about themselves. Two must be true statements, and one must be false. For each person, he or she shares the three statements (in any order) to the group. The goal of the icebreaker game is to determine which statement is false. The group votes on which one they feel is a lie, and at the end of each round, the person reveals which one was the lie. Variations to Try â€Å"Two Truths and a Dream Wish. An interesting variation of Two Truths and a Lie is â€Å"Two Truths and a Dream Wish. † Instead of telling a lie, a person says a wish. That is, something that is not true — yet something that the person wishes to be true. For example, someone that has never been to Europe might say: â€Å"I often travel to Europe for vacation. † This interesting spin on the icebreaker can often lead to unexpected, fascinating results, as people oft en share touching wishes about themselves. 3. Unique and Shared Unique and Shared is  a get-to-know-you game  as well as a team-building activity. The game helps people see that they have more in common with their peers than they might initially realize, while highlighting their own individual strengths that they can contribute to the group. An indoor setting is preferable. Participants will split into groups of about five people, so this activity works fine with medium, large, and even some extra large groups. Each group of five needs paper and a pen. This activity  is for all ages. Running the Activity Ask participants to form groups of five  people with the people around them. Pass out  sheets of paper and writing utensil. The first half  of the activity is the Shared part. Instruct a notetaker  for each group to create a list of  many common traits or qualities that  members of the group have in common. Avoid writing things that are immediately obvious  (e. g. don’t write down something like â€Å"everyone has hair† or â€Å"we are all wearing clothes†). The goal is for everyone to dig deeper than the superficial. Allow  about five or six minutes and then have a spokesperson from each subgroup read their list. If there are too many groups, ask for a few volunteers to read their list. The second half is the Unique part. Keep the same groups or, optionally, you can ask everyone to rearrange themselves into new groups. On a second sheet of paper have them record Unique traits and qualities; that is,  items that only apply to  one person in the group. Instruct the group  to  find at least two unique qualities and strengths  per person. Again, strive for qualities and strengths beyond the superficial and past the obvious things anyone can readily see. Allow another five or six minutes. When time is up, share the unique qualities in one of the following ways: (1) each person can  share one of their unique qualities themselves; (2)  have each person read the qualities of the person to their right; or (3)  have a spokesperson read a quality one at a time,  and have the others  guess who it was. Unique and Shared is a valuable  team-building activity because it promotes unity as it  gets people to realise that they have more common ground with their peers than they first might realise. As people become aware of  their own unique characteristics, they can also  help people  feel empowered to offer the group something unique. . Desert Island Lost on a Deserted Island is a teambuilding activity that also helps people share a little about themselves. Given the scenario that everyone is lost and stranded on a deserted island, each person describes one object that they would bring and why. This game is a teambuilding and get-to-know-you icebreaker. The re commended group size is medium, although small and large group sizes are possible too. An indoor setting is ideal. No special props or materials are required. This icebreaker works well for any age, including adults and corporate settings. Running the Activity The situation is dire — following a shipwreck, everyone  has been stranded on a deserted island! Each person is allowed to bring one object to the island — ideally something that represents them or something that they enjoy. The first part of this icebreaker is simple: each person is asked to describe  what object they would bring and why. This need not be realistic; if someone loves music, he or she might choose to bring a guitar, or an animal lover might choose to bring a dog, a food lover might choose to bring sirloin steaks, and so on. Encourage people to be creative. After everyone has introduced their object and why they have chosen that object, the  teambuilding portion follows. Divide into smaller  groups and ask everyone to work together  to improve their chances of survival by combining the various objects that they introduced. If necessary,  you can  add more objects, but be sure to use all the objects that everyone mentioned. If you wish, you can reward  the most creative group with a prize. Lost on a Deserted Island  is an approachable  way to get people to open up and share a little bit about themselves and what they enjoy or value. 5. Who am I? Prepare a card for each of your learners and write on it the name of a famous man or woman. On arrival, stick a card on the back of each learner who must then ask questions in order to find out their identity. Each question asked can only be answered with a ‘yes’ or ‘no’ response e. g. ‘Am I a man’, ‘yes’. As an alternative you could ask each learner to secretly write the name of a famous person themselves and stick it to the back of another learner, this encourages increased involvement. 6. ABCs of Me You have been hired by the Creative Classroom Company to illustrate a poster to help children learn their ABCs. By happy coincidence, you and your first name are the subject of the poster! 1. First, take a piece of flipchart paper and write your name vertically down the left side. 2. Next, choose a word that starts with each letter of your name. The word should describe something about you. Write those words horizontally across the paper, using the letters of your name as the first letter of each descriptive word. 3. After you have listed your words, draw an accompanying picture to illustrate each. 4. When you are finished, tape your poster to the wall. Variations Narrow the focus of the words. For instance, all words must be adjectives, nouns, or verbs related to work, related to foods you like, etc. 7. Tattoo You have just arrived at Tony’s Tattoo Parlour for a tattoo. Tony is competing for â€Å"Tattoo King of the Year,† a contest sponsored by Needle Knows magazine. Every design is a potential entry, and Tony wants each of his tattoos to say something about the person wearing them. From you, he needs a little inspiration and a design before he can start his work. Tony is excellent at lettering, animals, characters, band logos, maps, etc. 1. On your piece of paper, you are to design a rough tattoo that reveals something about yourself, your work, your hobbies, or your family, in order to help get Tony’s creative juices flowing. 2. You must also make a note about how big the tattoo should be and where you will have it applied. Variations Narrow the scope of the tattoo design: what you do at work, an animal most like you, favourite song, favourite band, adjective that best describes you, etc. 8. The Magic Lamp You and your team have just found a lamp. You rub it, and surprise! A genie appears. The genie grants you three wishes. You are allowed to make three wishes relating to your working life. 1. The facilitator will soon divide you into groups of three to five people and give your team a piece of flipchart paper and a marker. 2. Once you have your materials, design your wish list for your genie. When you are finished, post it on the wall and feedback to the group 9. FILL IN THE BLANKS Ask these questions in a group setting, this allows for group members to find out more about one another. I need ____________ to make my life complete. because . . . . . If I had ______________ I would be the happiest person in the world. I  can explain my life as an animal and that animal is a ________________ I like to imagine Im the cartoon character _____________ because . . . . . A gift I can give others is ________________ A gift I would like to receive from others is ____________ If I had all the money in the world, I would _________________ I will eat anything put in front of me except _______________ School for me was ________________ If I had to give up a prized possession, it would be _______________ My dream job is ________________ My nicest characteristic is ___________________ Family means _______________ to me Again, make up your own question to best fit the characteristics of your group. Taken from: www. funandgames. org/Games_icebreakers. html www. completetrainer. co. uk/ www. businesstrainingworks. com/Icebreakers 10. Water Carry Objective To problem-solve as a group and to deal with frustration if the task is not easily accomplished. Group Size 4 to 12 participants (or break a larger group into small teams) Materials 10 paper cups filled three-fourths full with water Cafeteria-type tray Description Prior to the activity, fill ten paper cups with water about three-fourths full and place five at one end of the room (or outside area) on the ground and five at the other end. The cups should be at least twenty feet apart from each other if possible. Gather the group together in the middle of the room with a cafeteria-type tray placed on the ground and give them the following challenge. â€Å"You must retri eve all ten cups of water and place them onto the tray without spilling any of the water. You may only get one cup from one end of the room at a time. Before getting a second cup from that side of the room you must travel to the other side of the room with the tray and retrieve a cup from that side. When all ten cups of water are on the tray you must place it on the floor in the center of the room. By the way, each person can only use one foot and one hand for the entire duration of this activity and if any water spills the whole group must start over! † Most groups will try to hop with the tray at first but this spills water. The best way to accomplish the task is to pass the tray down a line and for the person at the end to hop to the front of the line so that the chain can continue all the way to the end of the line. Discussion Prompts 1. Did anyone get frustrated at any time during this activity? Why or why not? 2. Did you try different things before you came up with a solution? 3. Are you ever a part of a team and you just want to quit? When and why? 4. How do you feel when you are a part of a team and you work together to accomplish a difficult task? 11. Bridge of Life Objective For team members to work cooperatively in decision-making and planning. Group Size 4 or more Materials None Description Break the group into teams of four to ten. (This game may be played as a race or as a one-team challenge. ) Mark off an area that is wider than all the team members standing side by side. The challenge is for each team to get one member from one side of the area to the other without touching the ground or being carried. Some possible solutions are: for team members to lie down, forming a human bridge for the person to crawl across for the team to pass the person down the line in a prone position, with team members shifting position in line as necessary for the person to walk on the feet of his/her team members Discussion Prompts 1. How did you decide who would be the person who had to try to get across? 2. How did you decide on a method for getting this person across? 3. Did everyone contribute to the decision process? Why or why not? 4. What role do you usually take when part of a decision-making process? 5. Do you wish you had a different role? Why or why not? Variation Tell the group they have to get half of the team across rather than just one person. Simply challenge the entire group to get one person across a large open area. Put obstacles in the area that the group must get one person around when moving them from one side to another. Pig Personality Test 1. Give each person a sheet of paper and a marker pen and tell them to draw a pig 2. After everyone has finished drawing their pig, read out the following information: â€Å"The pig serves as a useful test of personality traits of the drawer. If the pig is drawn †¢ towards the top of the paper, you are positive and optimistic †¢ towards the middle, you are realistic towards the bottom, you are pessimistic and have a tendency to behave negatively †¢ facing left, you believe in tradition, are friendly and remember dates birthdays †¢ facing right, you are innovati ve and active, but don’t have a strong sense of family, nor do you remember dates †¢ facing front on, you are direct, enjoy playing devil’s advocate and neither fear nor avoid discussions †¢ with many details, you are analytical, cautious and distrustful †¢ with few details, you are emotional, you care lithe for details and are a risk taker with fewer than 4 legs showing, you are insecure or are living through a period of major change †¢ with 4 legs showing, you are secure, stubborn and stick to your ideals, if there are more than 4 legs, you are stupid! †¢ The size of the ears indicates how good a listener you are — the bigger the better! †¢ â€Å"Who didn’t draw a tail on their pig? † The length of the tail indicates the how much you think about sex! â€Å"OK, so who had the longest tail? † Fun Facts 1. A rat can last longer without water than a camel. 2. Your stomach has to produce a new layer of mucus every two weeks or it will digest itself. 3. The dot over the letter i is called a tittle. 4. A raisin dropped in a glass of fresh champagne will bounce up and down continuously from the bottom of the glass to the top. 5. A female ferret will die if it goes into heat and cannot find a mate. 6. A ducks quack doesnt echo. No one knows why. 7. During the chariot scene in Ben Hur, a small red car can be seen in the distance (and Hestons wearing a watch). 8. On average, 12 newborns will be given to the wrong parents daily! (That explains a few mysteries. ) 9. Donald Duck comics were banned from Finland because he doesnt wear pants. 10. There are no words in the dictionary that rhyme with orange, purple and silver. 11. The name Wendy was made up for the book Peter Pan. There was never a recorded Wendy before. 12. The very first bomb dropped by the Allies on Berlin in World War II killed the only elephant in the Berlin Zoo 13. If one places a tiny amount of liquor on a scorpion, it will instantly go mad and sting itself to death. (Who was the sadist who discovered this ) 14. Bruce Lee was so fast that they actually had to s-l-o-w film down so you could see his moves. Thats the opposite of the norm 15. The original name for butterfly was flutterby. 16. Roses may be red, but violets are indeed violet 17. By raising your legs slowly and lying on your back, you cannot sink into quicksand. 18. Celery has negative calories. It takes more calories to eat a piece of celery than the celery has in it to begin with. 19. Charlie Chaplin once won third prize in a Charlie Chaplin look-alike contest. 20. Chewing gum while peeling onions will keep you from crying. 21. Sherlock Holmes NEVER said, Elementary, my dear Watson. 22. An old law in Bellingham, Washington, made it illegal for a woman to take more than three steps backwards while dancing! 23. The glue on Israeli postage is certified kosher. 24. The Guinness Book of Records holds the record for being the book most often stolen from public libraries. 25. Astronauts are not allowed to eat beans before they go into space because passing wind in a spacesuit damages them. 26. Bats always turn left when exiting a cave! †¢ Five Things†¦ †¢ Answer the following questions: †¢ †¢ Ive always wondered about †¢ If I could stay at any age, Id like to be †¢ If I had the day off tomorrow, I would †¢ The most fun thing I did this year is †¢ Ive always wanted to (but never had the courage to) . †¢ †¢ You have t hree minutes! Animal Kingdom Materials: None Icebreaker Description Young people will identify themselves as an animal the most reflects some aspect of their personality. Its a great way for them to get to know a little about each other. Preparation: Choose 3-5 animals, one animal for each group you want to have. Choose animals that are vastly different from each other. Some options are: Aardvark, Albatross, Anteater, Armadillo, Badger, Bat, Bear, Camel, Cat, Chicken, Chinchilla, Cow, Crab, Crane, Crayfish, Cuckoo, Deer, Dog, Dolphin, Dove, Duck, Dugong, Eagle, Elephant, Emu, Ferret, Flamingo, Flying fox, Frog, Giraffe, Goat, Goose, Hamster, Hawk, Hedgehogs, Hippo, Horses, Hummingbird, Iguana, Kangaroo, Koala, Lemur, Lion, Lizards, Llamas, Loon, Mammoth, Monkey, Mouse, Octopus, Ostrich, Otter, Owl, Panda, Parrot, Pelican, Penguin, Pig, Pigeon, Porcupine, Rabbit, Rat, Raven/crow, Rhinoceros, Seal, Sheep, sloths, Snake, Sparrow, Stork, Swan, Tapir, Toad, Tortoise, Turtle, Unicorn, Weasel, Whale, Wolf, Wombat, Zebra Icebreaker Activity 1. Ask kids to introduce themselves by giving their name and then choosing which of the selected animals they most identify with. 2. Then have kids group themselves according to the animals they chose. (Combine the two smallest groups if either has fewer than three members. ) Debrief Direct learners to answer one of the following questions in their small groups: †¢ Are you more commonly the predator or the prey? †¢ Nocturnal or diurnal? What do think the choice of a this animal says about a person? †¢ What does the chosen animal reflect about you? †¢ What are some of the characteristics of this animal that are like you? †¢ What lessons could we learn from this animal? If†¦ If you could go anywhere in the world, where would you go? If I gave you ? 10,000, what would you spend it on? If you could watch your favourite movie now, what would it be? If you could talk to anyone in the world who would it be? If you could wish one thing to come true this year, what would it be? If you could live in any period of history, when would it be? If you could change anything about yourself, what would it be? If you could be someone else, who would you be? If you could have any question answered, what would it be? If you could watch you favourite TV show now, what would it be? If you could have any type of pet, what would it be? If you could do your dream job 10 years from now, what would it be? If you had to be allergic to something, what would it be? If you sat down next to Jesus on a bus, what would you talk about? If money and time was no object, what would you be doing right now? If you had one day to live over again, what day would you pick? If you could eat your favourite food right now, what would it be? If you could learn any skill, what would it be? The YS Personality Test TEST ONE THE SINKING SHIP Youre the lone survivor of a sinking ship in the middle of the Pacific Ocean. Theres a deserted island in the distance, one serviceable lifeboat and plenty of time for you to pick eight of the many items on board your stricken vessel to take to the shore. Since the island is uninhabited youll be totally on your own. You have no idea how long itll be before youre rescued, if ever. Pick your eight items from the list below: An electricity generator ( R ) A saw (G) A hammer and some nails (G) Your favourite computer or games console ( R) A fishing rod (G) An umbrella ( R ) Loads of bits of black polythene (G) A sleeping bag (G) Some snazzy shorts ( R) A pair of shades ( R ) A telescope (G) Loads of bits of thin cardboard ( R ) Twenty boxes of matches ( G) A radiator bleed key ( R) Five jars of Marmite ( R) A spade ( G ) A small plaster bust of Paul Daniels ( R) A ball of thick string (G) A bathtub (G) A fridge ( R) Various bags of vegetable seeds (G) A warthog (R ) HOW YOU SCORED: Mostly Green (Seven Or More) You’re a logical person. You think things through quite thoroughly. Youre fairly solid and reliable, though, which is a point in anyones favour. You also think things through before acting. Mostly Red (Seven Or More) Youd survive on a desert island for about twelve minutes. Youre probably rather scatterbrained and tend to think with your heart rather than your head. You are a nice person who likes to spend time enjoying themselves. Even Mixture Of Green And Red People might see you as wild and crazy! You probably have lots of friends and like making decisions TEST TWO PSYCHE SHAPES Take a very quick look at the shapes below. Decide which one is you. If you really cant decide, then it might be worth taking a look at the notepad next to the computer, or telephone, or meeting room there are sure to be doodles on it somewhere. Find one of your doodles and look for the predominant shape. Thats the one to pick! Squares Triangles Stars Squiggles Circles What You Picked: Square: You like to examine things and think them through. Triangle: You have good communication skills and are motivated by success. Star: You get excited very easily and enjoy life. Squiggles: You get bored easily and like to keep busy. Circle: You are a caring and emotional person. TEST THREE ITS IN THE PICTURE Grab a bit of paper and a pen and quickly draw a scene containing a house, a tree, the sun, a snake, some water and flowers. Now analyze your drawing, referring to the points below. The house represents how you see yourself and the windows reveal how open you are. Count your windows. The bigger and more numerous, the more honest and open you are. None at all? You’re very secretive. If youve put a TV aerial on the roof, youre quite a receptive sort of person. If theres a chimney alongside it you might have pent up frustrations which youll need to vent sooner or later. And if theres smoke coming out of your chimney, youre probably a little on the nervous side. The tree represents your mum. Compare the size of the house (you) to the size of the tree (mum). Does the tree positively tower over the house? Then, you have respect for your parent and look up to them. The snakes a goodie it represents how you see your own sexuality. If the snake is quite short it means that youre not particularly interested in sex, while a longer one shows more interest and less inhibition. If the nake is jolly looking then youre a bit of a flirty type if its scary then you find the prospect of sex a bit frightening. The further away from the house the snake is, the keener you are on sex. The water is your emotional state. The more water there is, the more emotional you are. If you dre w a moat surrounding the house then youre swamped by your passionate nature. A stream means youre hard on the surface but soft underneath. A pond means that you keep your emotions firmly in check. The number of flowers youve drawn is meant to indicate the amount of people you feel really close to. One particularly large flower means you have a best friend, or a boyfriend or girlfriend. [pic] Paper Step Through A novel paper-cutting icebreaker exercise, played in pairs, or threes, or as a group. The activity can be used as a bigger group problem-solving and team-working task. Equipment: Scissors and sheets of paper, A4 size or similar. Instruction to group: You have five minutes to devise a way of cutting the sheet of paper so that it creates a ring without any breaks or joins large enough to fit over both people, and then to step through the ring (in your pair/three/as a group). Depending on your purposes, situation and group, you can change this exercise in various ways, for example: †¢ Issue the cutting diagram to all participants. This should ensure that the activity produces at least one successful demonstration of the task. Do not issue the cutting diagram, but instead demonstrate the solution, and instruct the participants to remember it. This tests peoples concentration and retention. †¢ Issue the cutting diagram half-way through the exercise when (as is likely) particip ants fail to discover a cutting solution which highlights the importance of having instructions and knowledge for challenging tasks which might initially seem quite easy. †¢ Ask people to do the exercise in teams of three rather than pairs, which increases the brain-power available, but also the potential for confusion, and also the size of the paper ring necessary to fit over three people rather than two. Issue sticky tape, allow joins to be made, and add a two-minute time penalty for each join in the ring. †¢ Change the task so that the group creates a paper ring large enough to fit over the entire group allowing for only one sticky-tape join per pair of delegates. This opens the possibility for many different cutting solutions, because each pair is effectively then required merely to convert their sheet into a long length of paper rather than an unbroken ring. Activity notes: As facilitator it is recommended you practice the suggested cutting solution so that if neces sary you can demonstrate it (before or afterwards, depending on your adaptation) to the group. Beware of using this activity in any situation that could cause embarrassment to overweight people or where delegates would be uncomfortable with the inter-personal proximity required. The qualification of putting the ring of paper over a given number of people is that while standing (necessarily very close) together they are able to pass the paper ring over their heads and down to the floor, enabling them to step over and thereby through the ring without breaking it. |Here is the cutting diagram, assuming that the sheet of paper is | | |first folded. This is one solution to the exercise. If you know |[pic] | |another please send it. | | |Fold the sheet of paper in half, and cut it through both sides of | | |the paper, as shown in the diagram, in the following sequence: | | |Cut 8-12 slits (8 are adequate the diagram shows 12), from the | | |folded edge up to about 1-2cm of the open edge, each slit being | | |about 1. 5-2cm apart. | |Cut a slit between each of the above slits, from the open edge to | | |about 1-2cm of the folded edge. | | |Cut along the folded edge, but not the ends marked with blue | | |circles. | | |You should then be able to open the paper into a ring which | | |comfortably fits over two people. | |Cutting more slits increases the size of the ring, as would using | | |a larger sheet of paper. Slit dimensions can be increased for | | |larger sheets. | | You will be surprised how large a ring can be created. An A4 sheet easily makes a ring circumference of 3m. A big newspaper sheet easily produces a ring circumference of 7m. Defend the Egg Defend the Egg (also known as the Great Egg Drop) is a teambuilding activity that involves collaboration, problem solving, and creative teamwork. Groups build a structure out of ordinary materials and try to protect a raw egg from breaking when dropped from a high elevation. This exercise in teambuilding can be messy, so choose an appropriate setting where making a mess is acceptable. The recommended group size is: teams of four or five people. Several materials are needed: raw eggs, several plastic straws, masking tape, newspaper, and other materials of your choice. This activity is for people ages 14 and up. Setup for Defend the Egg This game works well with teams that are not too large. A good team size is four or five people. Pass out one egg and a limited supply of materials (e. g. our straws, a three foot strip of tape, one section of a newspaper, etc. )   This activity is more challenging with fewer materials provided, so decide how challenging you wish to make it. Game-play for Defend the Egg Explain the rules: the mission is to protect the egg from cracking using teamwork, creativity, and a good design. You will dro p each structure at least fifteen feet, and so the goal is for each structure to be able to withstand such a fall. Each team will only be given limited resources, and so they must be wise with what they have. They may not use any other resources other than what is given to them. Optionally, you can have other critera for judging including: †¢ most creative design most stylish/visually appealing †¢ (any other awards you wish) Decide on an appropriate amount of time (e. g. 20-25 minutes)  and then instruct them to begin! Tell them to place their egg  inside their structure. Be sure to supervise each team as they build their structure. When time is up, collect all the structures. Now is  dramatic finale in which the structures are dropped (or thrown! ) from at least 15 feet in elevation and then carefully inspected to see if the eggs survived. The winners are the groups that  successfully protected the egg. If you chose to have other awards, announce those winners als o. This activity is useful to illustrate the importance of teamwork. Ask everyone to reflect on how their group accomplished the task, what worked, what was challenging, etc. Fa